History of Jakarta Fair

History of Jakarta Fair


 

Jakarta fair or commonly known as PRJ (Pekan Raya Jakarta) is a fair that held in June and July. It held to celebrate the anniversary the city of  Jakarta (22 June). The Jakarta fair held annually in Jakarta International Expo, Kemayoran Jakarta. It main features is shopping and food festival ( especially traditional food ).

The history of Jakarta fair was begun during Dutch east Indies era or zaman kompeni belanda. Originally it called Pasar Gambir held to celebrate the coronation of Queen Wilhelmina in 31 August 1898an later to celebrate the queen birthday. The location to held Pasar Gambir is in Koningsplein (now Merdeka Square), according “de Sumatra Post” (publish 2 September1907) pasar gambir featuring parade, public audience, and fair for a full day. The concept of pasar gambir is a nigh market where people around the city can enjoy themselves by watching the parade, football game, karapan sapi or enjoying the traditional food it also used to promote the product and invention from Europe.

Sadly, when Japanese force came at the beginning of world war, pasar gambir was stopped to celebrate. After the Indonesia independence pasar gambir was held again for first time in 1968, it change the name to the Djakarta fair. The fist Djakarta fair inaugurated by president Soeharto and took placefrom 5 June to 20 July 1968. The location to held the fair not to far from the beginning it held at Merdeka Square now it held near the National Monumen (Monas). The idea to hold a grand fair in jakarta was initiated by the current Governor at that time Mr. Ali Sadikin. He sought to combine several night markets held throughout the city inspired by the colonial era pasar gambir.

Over time, Jakarta fair that held in National Monument area no longer able to accommodate the visitor and participant of fair so finally in 1992 the fair location was change to Kemayoran where it still held until now.

The custom to held a nigh market also carried over to Dutch by European or Indo-european who ever lived in Indonesia but move away after the Indonesia independence, they held a similar festival called The Tong Tong Fair (formely known as Pasar Malam Besar) where it held anualy at the Dutch City of The Hague.

           

Source :

·        http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Fair

·        http://disperindgi.jakarta.go.id/sejarah-pekan-raya-jakarta/

·        http://www.jiexpo.com/home.php

Green Economy

Green Economic is a model of economy that not only based of material value but also in ecological value. Generally “green economic” is any economic theory that an economy considered component of the ecosystem that it resides. This mean that natural capital and ecological service have a economic value and a full cost accounting regime in which costs externalized onto society via ecosystems are reliably traced back to, and accounted for as liabilities of, the entity that does the harm or neglects an asset.

One international institution that promote the concept of the green economy is the United Nations Environment Programme or UNEP. In UNEP website, the green economic is one result in that not only improved human well being and society but also to significantly reducing the environmental risk and ecological scarcities. Since for almost two centuries we can see that industria or capitalist definition of wealth has always been about the accumulation of money and matter, even sometimes forgot about the side-effect, by-product of we accumulate the money and matter from the industry. A postindustrial world requires an economics of quality, where both money and matter are returned to a status of means to an end.  Green economics means a direct focus on meeting human and environmental need.      

The means of green economy is not only about the environment. Certainly the concept of economic must also harmonize with natural system, but to do that we need great creativity, knowledge, and the participation of everyone. Ecological development requires an unleashing of human development and an extension of democracy.  Social and ecological transformation go hand-in-hand.  

Here are ten interrelated principles that cover key dimensions of a green economy :

1.      The Primacy of Use-value, Intrinsic Value & Quality, the principle of green economy that mean that green economy is a service economy, focused on end used or human and environment needs.

2.      Following Natural Flows

3.      Waste Equals Food, In nature there is no waste, as every process output is an input for some other process. This principle implies not only a high degree of organizational complementarity, but also that outputs and by-products are nutritious and non-toxic enough to be food for something.  

4.      Elegance and Multifunctionality

5.      Appropriate Scale / Linked Scale, This does not simply mean "small is beautiful", but that every regenerative activity has its most appropriate scale of operation. Even the smallest activities have larger impacts, however, and truly ecological activity "integrates design across multiple scales", reflecting influence of larger on smaller and smaller on larger (Van der Ryn and Cowan, 1996).

6.      Diversity

7.      Self-Reliance, Self-Organization, Self-Design

8.      Participation & Direct Democracy

9.      Human Creativity and Development

10.  The Strategic role of the Built-environment, the Landscape & Spatial Design

 Source :

·        http://www.greeneconomics.net/what2f.htm

·        http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/AboutGEI/FrequentlyAskedQuestions/tabid/29786/Default.aspx

·        http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economy

Dupont Analysis

Dupont Analysis

The DuPont Analysis or known as dupont identity, Dupont equation, Dupont model or dupont method is one method use to analysis the company by dividing the ROE or Return On Equity into three parts. This formula was first used by DuPont Corporation in 1920s. Dupont Analysis focused to operating management, management of assets and the capital sructure of a company this three point is a critical elements of financial  condition  of a company.

One indicator of  a successful company is from ROE or Return On Equity, because by using the ROE indicator the investor can know what the return is on position of the company that belongs to equity. That means It is a simple calculation that quickly summarizes the ability of management to turn shareholder equity into profitable returns. Using the Dupont analysis investor or the management of company can know the interrelationship between key financial ratios. It can be presented in :

Basic formula is :

·         Return on equity (ROE) = net income / total equity

If we want multiply ROE by Sales, the formula is :

·         Return on equity = (net income / sales) * (sales / total equity)

·         => Return On Equity = net profit margin * return on equity

Another formula is :

·         Return on equity (ROE) = net income / total equity

If we multiply ROE by assets we get :

·         ROE = (net income / sales) * (sales / assets) * (assets / equity)

·         => ROE = net profit margin * assets turnover * equality multiplier

The Dupont formula can be expanded further  to giving the analyst more information

Example :

·         ROE = (net income / sales) * (sales / assets) * (assets / equity)

If in a third instance we substituted net income for EBT * (1-tax rate), we get:

ROE =(EBT/sales) * (sales / assets) * (assets / equity)* (1-tax rate)

Sumber :

Return on Equity and the Dupont System – CFA Level 1 _ Investopedia.htm

DuPont analysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm#Basic_formulae

DuPont Analysis (example) Part 2

Since we already have the data, now we can analysis for each company using Dupont three part analysis.

Perusahaan A	2011	2010	2009
ROE	0.2749	0.4232	0.3015
Tax burden	0.7494	0.8291	0.7628
Interest burden	1.0659	1.0365	1.0869
EBIT Margin	0.2306	0.3913	0.2656
Asset Turnover	0.6088	0.5777	0.6949
Leverage	2.4515	2.1790	1.9701
Perusahaan B	2011	2010	2009
ROE	0.3086	0.3283	0.4113
Tax burden	0.7293	0.7568	0.7360
Interest burden	0.9171	0.9880	1.0044
EBIT Margin	0.1448	0.1441	0.1861
Asset Turnover	0.9431	1.0711	1.1401
Leverage	3.3779	2.8445	2.6234
Perusahaan C	2011	2010	2009
ROE	0.0698	0.1205	0.2650
Tax burden	0.9248	0.6977	1.2875
Interest burden	0.4022	0.7919	0.6499
EBIT Margin	0.0431	0.0549	0.0610
Asset Turnover	1.5369	1.5009	1.8280
Leverage	2.8183	2.6459	2.8398

Now we already have the result of our calculation by using three point Dupont analysis. We can begin the analsysis by looking at four important part the ROE, EBIT, Asset Turnover, and Leverage.

ROE

 Perusahaan  A has strong ROE over 3 years. According  resul the range is between 27% - 42%, with the highgest result is in 2010 with 42.3 %. Perusahaan B’s ROE has range between 30% - 41%. Perusahaan C has a down trending ROE.  In 2009 it was strong at 26% (above the average).  In 2010 it matched the S&P 500 30 year average at around 12%.  Then in 2011 it fell well below the average to 7%.

EBIT

EBIT is one profit indicator for company so if investor want to know if company is profitabel they can see the EBIT value of company. If we compare the three company above we can see that perusahaan A has the strongest EBIT. Perusaaan B also have a strong in profit margin but they has also a drop in 2011. Perusahaan C is weakest of all three company, in 2011 the EbIT value is less than a third of perusahaan A.

Asset Turnover

Perusahaan A is the weakest of three company in this point but even with low asset turnover they still have a high value of EBIT so investor would still consider to looking into company. Perusahaan B has a fairly high asset turnover and quite consitent from year to year. Perusahaan C is the strongest in this point, their asset turnover is more than double of that perusahaan A and over 50% higher than perusahaan B. This make up for their low profit margin.

Leverage

Perusahaan A has the least amount of leverage of three company. This low amount leverage and high value of ROE mean that a good portion of return are coming from sales or because effective management.

Perusahaan B has the highest leverage this mean that perusahaan B will be more affected during a downturn but would gain more in bull run. And now, finally we see that perusahaan C for the size and profit margin, their leverage would be considered high. In one side this mean that perusahaan C not only face the possibility of being hit hard in a bad economy and that meaning they do not have brand power to keep the customer and in other side their leverage hasn’t significantly change.    

Source: How to use DuPont Analysis for Financial Analysis  Soft-Drink Example _ The Financial    Intern.htm (dengan penyesuaiaan)